الرئيسية
السلام عليكم
يا دكاترة دي تجميعات بارا كانت عندي بس مشفتهاش غير النهارده
يا رب تفيدكم
علي فكرة أنا لقيت عندي كمان صور ال
projector
بس مش عارفة أوصلهالكم ازاي
1-parasites causing
external autoinfection only:
1- Entrobius. 2- Entamoebahistolytica. 3- Balantidiumcoli.
4- Giardia .
2-parasites causing internal autoinfection only:
* Capillariaphlippinensis.
3-parasites causing both external & internal autoinfection:
1- Hymenolepis nana.
2- Taenia solium. 3-
Strongyloides.
4- Cryptosporidium.
Parasites causing anaemia ?
1-Microcytic hypochromic anaemia ( iron
deficiency anaemia) :
*Mechanism: repeted blood loss → depletion of iron stores
by bone marrow.
e.g, 1- Schistosoma haematobium (terminal haematuria)
2- Schistosoma mansoni & S. japonicum (
dysentery & bleeding intestinal polyps).
3- Hookworms
“ Ancylostoma duodenale & Necator” ( suction of blood by worms
& bleeding from previous sites of attachment).
4- Trichuris
& Trichostrongylus “heavy infection” (suction of
blood by worms).
2-Macrocytic hyperchromic anaemia (megaloblastic) :
e.g, 1- Diphyllobothrium latum ( consumption
of Vit. B12).
2- Trichuris ( toxic effect on bone marrow).
3- Haemolytic anaemia:
1- Plasmodium spp.
2- Babesia microti & B.
divergens.
3- S. mansoni & Plasmodium ( hypersplenism).
4- African trypanosomes & P.
falciparum ( autoimmune haemolysis).
Aplastic anaemia :
1-
Leishmania donovani.
2-
African trypanosomes.
• Snail as an intermediate host for Trematoda ?
Role of snail as an intermediate host :
* In all Trematoda : Egg hatches in water → miracidium
penetrates the snail→ develops to
sporocyst → redia →
cercaria.
* Except in : 1- Heterophyes : egg is
swallowed by snail where hatching occurs.
2- Schistosoma
: No redia stage inside the snail.
• Ectopic lesions caused by Flukes (Trematoda) ?
·
Ectopic lesion :
lesion caused by Trematode adult or egg away from its
normal habitat.
І- Ectopic lesions
by adult fluke:
1- Fasciola:
Encysted metacercaria may reach skin , gastric; caecal or colonic wall →
develop to immature flukes.
2- Paragonimus:
Young flukes may migrate from the lung to liver ; spleen; lymph
nodes; genitalia ; muscles; intestinal wall or skin → cysts containing
adult worms.
ІІ- Ectopic
lesions by egg:
1- Heterophyes : Egg may reach blood &
passes as emboli to :
A- Brain: → cerebral infarction or haemorrage.
B- Lung: → pulmonary embolism.
C- Heart: → myocarditis .
2- Schistosomes : Egg may reach :
A- Brain: → cerebral infarction “ common in S. japonicum”.
B-
Spinal cord : →
paraplegia.
C-
Lung: → bilharzial core pulmonale.
• Parasites causing myositis ? ( 5 T)
1- Tissue cestodes:
·
Cysticercosis ( cysticercus
cellulosae of Taenia solium).
·
Sparganosis ( sparganum of Spirometra).
·
Coenurosis ( coenurus cerebralis
of Multicepis).
·
Hydatid disease ( hydatid cyst of Echinococcus).
2- Trichinella spiralis.
3- Toxocara canis (visceral larva migrans).
4- Toxoplasma gondii.
5- Trypanosoma cruzi.
• Parasites causing appendicitis ?
1- Ascaris (erratic worms).
2- Entrobius.
3- Trichuris.
4- Entamoeba histolytica.
5- Balantidium coli.
• Parasites that can be detected in urine ?
1-
Schistosoma haematobium eggs.
2-
Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaria.
3-
Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoite.
4-
Hydatid
sand (ruptured renal hydatid cyst).
5-
Toxocara canis larva
(visceral larva migrans).
6-
Entrobius eggs &
adult females (ectopic lesion).
7-
Larvae
(maggots) of Sarcophaga; Musca & Fannia (urogenital myiasis).
• Parasites that can be detected in CSF ?
І- Helminths : ( Nematode
larvae)
1- Toxocara canis
larva (visceral larva migrans).
2- Trichinella
spiralis larva (migration stage).
3-Strongyloides filariform larva ( in disseminated hyperinfection
syndrome in immunosuppression).
ІІ- Protozoa :
1- Naegleria fowleri trophozoites (amoeboid form).
2- Trypanosoma gambiense & T.
rhodesiense in cerebral invasion stage ( trypomastigote
form).
3- Toxoplasma tachyzoites (inimmunosuppression).
• Parasites that can inhabit biliary passages & gall bladder ?
1-
Fasciola
gigantica & F. hepatica adult.
2-
Ascaris
(erratic worms).
3-
Giardia
trophozoites.
4-
Cryptosporidium
(inimmunosuppression
).
• Filariform larva is the infective stage of some nematodes; enumerate them
& mention mode of infection in each.
1-
Ancylostoma duodenale ( skin penetration –
transmammary).
2-
Necator ( skin penetration).
3-
Strongyloides ( skin penetration – external & internal
autoinfection).
4-
Ancylostoma braziliensis ; A. caninum & non-human Strongyloides → cutaneous
larva migrans( skin penetration).
5-
Filaria (skin penetration through insect bite) e.g;
*Wuchereria bancrofti...........................Culex.
*Brugyia malayi…………………………..Mansonia.
*Loa loa………………………………….Chrysops.
*Onchocerca volvulus…………………Simulium.
*Mansonella ozzardi& M.perstans.....Culicoides.
6- Trichostrongylus ( ingestion of filariform larva
with raw vegetables).
7- Dracunculus
medinensis(ingestion of filariform larva within Cyclops).
• Loffler’s syndrome : “definition, causative parasites; C/P & diagnosis” ?
*definition: It is verminous pneumonitis caused by
migrating larvae of some helminths.
* causative parasites:
1-
Schistosomes.
2-
Ascaris.
3-
Hookworms ( Ancylostoma duodenale & Necator).
4-
Strongyloides.
* C/P: fever; cough; expectoration; haemoptysis &
eosinophilia.
* diagnosis:
1-
Chest X- ray: milliary opacities in the lung.
2-
Sputum examination : larvae &
Charcot – Leyden crystals.
3-
Blood examination :
eosinophilia.
• Parasites infecting man through meat consumption:
• Mention sex modes
of infection by parasites with examples;
1- Ingestion : (Oral route)e.g;
·
Ascaris “ ingestion
of raw vegetables contaminated with embryonated egg”.
·
Oxyuris “ soiled
fingers”.
2- skin penetration : e.g;
·
Direct skin
penetration: as Schistosomes
“ through skin penetration with furcocercous cercaria”.
·
Through insect bite :
e.g; Filaria; Leishmania & Plasmodium.
3-
Blood transfusion :
e.g; Plasmodium & Babesia.
5- Congenital
“Transplacental “: e.g; Toxoplasma &
Trypanosomes.
6- Sexual : e.g;
Trichomonas vaginalis.
• Parasites that can be detected in blood film ?
І- Helminths :
1- Strongyloides filariform larva ( in disseminated hyperinfection in
immunosuppression).
2- Trichinella larva ( during migration stage).
3- Microfilaria of :
* Wuchereria bancrofti.
* Brugyia malayi.
* Loa loa .
* Mansonella persitans & ozzardi
ІІ- Protozoa :
1-
Plasmodium & Babesia.
2-
Trypanosoma gambiense & T. rhodesiense.
3-
Trypanosoma cruzi.
4-
Leishmania donovani & L. infantum.
5-
Toxoplasma .
• Parasites that may cause pruritus ani “Perianal itching”:
1- Entrobius (migrating
female worms & egg deposition at the
perianal skin).
2- Taenia saginata (passage of
gravid segment through the anus).
3- Ascaris (allergic reaction due to passage of adult worm through
the anus).
4- Strongyloides ( externally
autoinfective filariform larvae → larva currens).
• Parasites that may affect brain :
І- Helminths:
1- Schistosoma japonicum eggs.
2- Heterophyes eggs.
3- Cysticercus cellulosae (cysticercosis).
4- Hydatid cyst.
5- Sparganum of Spirometra
(sparganosis).
6- Coenurus cerebralis of Multiceps
(coenurosis).
7- Larvae of nematodes :
A-
Ascaris larva (visceral larva
migrans – like symptoms→meningism)
B-
Toxocara canis larva (visceral
larva migrans).
C-
Trichinella larva (migration
stage).
D-
Strongyloides filariform larva (
disseminated hyperinfection in immunosuppression).
8- Loa loa (heavy infection
after DEC therapy →meningoencephalitis).
ІІ- Protozoa:
1- Entamoeba histolytica (amoebic brain abscess).
2- Naegleria (PAM).
3- Acanthamoeba
(GAE).
4- Trypanosoma gambiense & T. rhodesiense (sleeping sickness).
5- Trypanosoma cruzi (meningoencephalitis).
6- Plasmodium falciparum (cerebral malaria).
7- Toxoplasma (encephalitis).
ІІІ- Arthropods:
*
Chrysomyia larvae (causing aural myiasis) may reach the brain.
• Parasites causing hyperpigmentation of
skin (3V):
1- Onchocerca volvulus (Sowda ).
2- Leishmania
donovani ( grayish discoloration of skin of face & hands →black fever).
3- Heavy
infestataion with Pediculus (Vagabond
disease).
• Parasites causing splenomegaly :
1- Schistosoma mansoni.
2- Toxocara canis (visceral larva migrans).
3- Wuchereria bancrofti & B.malayi (tropical pulmonary eosinophilia).
4- Plasmodium ovale; vivax
&falciparum (hyperactive
malarial splenomegaly).
5- Leishmania donovani & infantum.
6- Trypanosome cruzi.
■ Hyperinfection : definition; parasitic causes & mechanism ?
•
Hyperinfection : means massive
increase in the worm burden (i.e. parasite number) within the host as a result
of uncontrolled internal autoinfection.
• Parasitic
causes :
1- Strongyloides stercoralis (Opportunistic
parasite):
*Mechanism: in immunosuppressed
individuals; most of rhabditiform larvae develop into filariform (infective) larvae in the
lumen of the intestine → penetrate intestinal mucosa → migrate through the lung
→ ascend along bronchial tree → coughed ; swallowed & develop into adult
worms (repeated internal autoinfection → hyperinfection).
2-
Capillaria philippinensis (virulent
parasite):
*Mechanism: in immunocompetent
individuals; untreated infection will result in embryonation of eggs in the
intestinal lumen→ hatch → infective larvae penetrate intestinal mucosa→ develop
to adult worms (repeated internal autoinfection → hyperinfection).
• Man may act as a blind host
(dead-end) for some parasitic infections:
·
Blind
host: a host that can be infected but cannot
infect others.
·
Man
acts as a blind host in:
1-
All
tissue cestodes (Hydatid
disease; cysticercosis; sparganosis & coenurosis).
2-
Trichinella spiralis.
3-
Visceral & cutaneous larva migrans.
4-
Babesiosis (man –to –Tick infection does not occur
; but, man – to – man infection can occur by blood transfusion).
• Parasites
infecting man through skin penetration ?
A-
Cercaria: as Schistosomes.
B-
Sparganum larva:
as Spirometra mansoni & S. proliferum (when infected raw flesh of
frog or snake used as foments for skin wound).
C-
Filariform larva:
either through:
І- Direct skin
penetration: e.g;
1-
Hookworms
( Ancylostoma duodenale & Necator).
2-
Strongyloides.
3-
Ancylostoma
caninum ; A. braziliensis
& non-human Strongyloides (→
cutaneous larva migrans).
ІІ- Insect bite: e.g; all filaria ;
*Wuchereria
bancrofti...........................Culex.
*Brugyia
malayi…………………………..Mansonia.
*Loa
loa………………………………….Chrysops.
*Onchocerca
volvulus…………………Simulium.
*Mansonella
ozzardi& M.perstans.....Culicoides.
D-
Protozoa : (through arthropod
bite);
1- Leishmania ……………………..Sand
fly.
2- Trypanosoma
gambiense & T. rhodesiense…….Glossina.
3- Trypanosoma cruzi
……………. Triatoma.
4- Plasmodium
…………………….Female Anopheles.
5- Babesia…………………………..Hard
tick.
E- Arthropods: either:
1-
Larvae (maggots) of flies: e.g;
larvae of Hypoderma;
Dermatobia & Gastrophilus (Cutaneous myiasis).
2- Arthropod itself :
e.g;
і- Tunga
penetrans (chigger flea).
іі-
Sarcoptes scabiei (→ scabies).
ііі-
Demodex.
• Parasites that may affect Lung :
І- Helminths:
1- Paragonimus
(adult).
2- Heterophyes (ectopic
egg).
3- Schistosomes
(ectopic egg or migrating schistosomula).
4- Hydatid cyst.
5- Migrating larva of
nematodes: e.g;
* Nematodes causing Loffler’s
syndrome (Ascaris; Hookworms & Strongyloides).
* Trichinella spiralis.
6- W.bancrofti & B. malayi
(tropical pulmonary eosinophilia).
ІІ- Protozoa:
1- E. histolytica (extraintestinal amoebiasis).
2- Acanthamoeba (primary lesion).
3- Leishmania donovani & L. infantum.
4- Toxoplasma.
5- Plasmodium falciparum (Acute pulmonary oedema).
6- Cryptosporidium (in AIDS patients).
7- Pneumocystis.
ІІІ- Arthropods:
• Dermatophagoides (house dust mites) → bronchial asthma.
• Role of “flies” in transmission of parasitic diseases ?
І- Mechanical
transmission:(i.e. No
multiplication or developmental changes of parasite in the fly).
e.g; 1- Musca
: transmits H.nana; T.solium & Entrobius eggs.
2- Stomoxys :
transmits African Trypanosomes.
ІІ- Biological
transmission: (i.e. multiplication and/or developmental changes of
parasite in the fly).
e.g; 1- Flies
transmitting Filaria: (cyclodevelopmental transmission)
* Chrysops transmits Loa loa.
* Simulium transmits Onchocerca volvulus.
* Culicoides transmit Mansonella ozzardi & M.perstans.
2- Flies transmitting protozoa :
(cyclopropagative transmission)
* Sand fly transmits
Leishmania
* Glossina transmits
Trypanosoma gambiense & T. rhodesiense.
يا دكاترة دي تجميعات بارا كانت عندي بس مشفتهاش غير النهارده
يا رب تفيدكم
علي فكرة أنا لقيت عندي كمان صور ال
projector
بس مش عارفة أوصلهالكم ازاي
1-parasites causing
external autoinfection only:
1- Entrobius. 2- Entamoebahistolytica. 3- Balantidiumcoli.
4- Giardia .
2-parasites causing internal autoinfection only:
* Capillariaphlippinensis.
3-parasites causing both external & internal autoinfection:
1- Hymenolepis nana.
2- Taenia solium. 3-
Strongyloides.
4- Cryptosporidium.
Parasites causing anaemia ?
1-Microcytic hypochromic anaemia ( iron
deficiency anaemia) :
*Mechanism: repeted blood loss → depletion of iron stores
by bone marrow.
e.g, 1- Schistosoma haematobium (terminal haematuria)
2- Schistosoma mansoni & S. japonicum (
dysentery & bleeding intestinal polyps).
3- Hookworms
“ Ancylostoma duodenale & Necator” ( suction of blood by worms
& bleeding from previous sites of attachment).
4- Trichuris
& Trichostrongylus “heavy infection” (suction of
blood by worms).
2-Macrocytic hyperchromic anaemia (megaloblastic) :
e.g, 1- Diphyllobothrium latum ( consumption
of Vit. B12).
2- Trichuris ( toxic effect on bone marrow).
3- Haemolytic anaemia:
1- Plasmodium spp.
2- Babesia microti & B.
divergens.
3- S. mansoni & Plasmodium ( hypersplenism).
4- African trypanosomes & P.
falciparum ( autoimmune haemolysis).
Aplastic anaemia :
1-
Leishmania donovani.
2-
African trypanosomes.
• Snail as an intermediate host for Trematoda ?
| Snail : | Intermediate host for: |
| 1- Lymnaea cailliaudi. 2- Lymnaea truncatula. 3- Pirenella conica. 4- Biomphalaria. 5- Bulinus. 6- Semisulcospira. | Fasciola gigantica. Fasciola hepatica. Heterophyes. Schistosoma mansoni. Schistosoma haematobium. Schistosoma japonicum. |
Role of snail as an intermediate host :
* In all Trematoda : Egg hatches in water → miracidium
penetrates the snail→ develops to
sporocyst → redia →
cercaria.
* Except in : 1- Heterophyes : egg is
swallowed by snail where hatching occurs.
2- Schistosoma
: No redia stage inside the snail.
• Ectopic lesions caused by Flukes (Trematoda) ?
·
Ectopic lesion :
lesion caused by Trematode adult or egg away from its
normal habitat.
І- Ectopic lesions
by adult fluke:
1- Fasciola:
Encysted metacercaria may reach skin , gastric; caecal or colonic wall →
develop to immature flukes.
2- Paragonimus:
Young flukes may migrate from the lung to liver ; spleen; lymph
nodes; genitalia ; muscles; intestinal wall or skin → cysts containing
adult worms.
ІІ- Ectopic
lesions by egg:
1- Heterophyes : Egg may reach blood &
passes as emboli to :
A- Brain: → cerebral infarction or haemorrage.
B- Lung: → pulmonary embolism.
C- Heart: → myocarditis .
2- Schistosomes : Egg may reach :
A- Brain: → cerebral infarction “ common in S. japonicum”.
B-
Spinal cord : →
paraplegia.
C-
Lung: → bilharzial core pulmonale.
• Parasites causing myositis ? ( 5 T)
1- Tissue cestodes:
·
Cysticercosis ( cysticercus
cellulosae of Taenia solium).
·
Sparganosis ( sparganum of Spirometra).
·
Coenurosis ( coenurus cerebralis
of Multicepis).
·
Hydatid disease ( hydatid cyst of Echinococcus).
2- Trichinella spiralis.
3- Toxocara canis (visceral larva migrans).
4- Toxoplasma gondii.
5- Trypanosoma cruzi.
• Parasites causing appendicitis ?
1- Ascaris (erratic worms).
2- Entrobius.
3- Trichuris.
4- Entamoeba histolytica.
5- Balantidium coli.
• Parasites that can be detected in urine ?
1-
Schistosoma haematobium eggs.
2-
Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaria.
3-
Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoite.
4-
Hydatid
sand (ruptured renal hydatid cyst).
5-
Toxocara canis larva
(visceral larva migrans).
6-
Entrobius eggs &
adult females (ectopic lesion).
7-
Larvae
(maggots) of Sarcophaga; Musca & Fannia (urogenital myiasis).
• Parasites that can be detected in CSF ?
І- Helminths : ( Nematode
larvae)
1- Toxocara canis
larva (visceral larva migrans).
2- Trichinella
spiralis larva (migration stage).
3-Strongyloides filariform larva ( in disseminated hyperinfection
syndrome in immunosuppression).
ІІ- Protozoa :
1- Naegleria fowleri trophozoites (amoeboid form).
2- Trypanosoma gambiense & T.
rhodesiense in cerebral invasion stage ( trypomastigote
form).
3- Toxoplasma tachyzoites (inimmunosuppression).
• Parasites that can inhabit biliary passages & gall bladder ?
1-
Fasciola
gigantica & F. hepatica adult.
2-
Ascaris
(erratic worms).
3-
Giardia
trophozoites.
4-
Cryptosporidium
(inimmunosuppression
).
• Filariform larva is the infective stage of some nematodes; enumerate them
& mention mode of infection in each.
1-
Ancylostoma duodenale ( skin penetration –
transmammary).
2-
Necator ( skin penetration).
3-
Strongyloides ( skin penetration – external & internal
autoinfection).
4-
Ancylostoma braziliensis ; A. caninum & non-human Strongyloides → cutaneous
larva migrans( skin penetration).
5-
Filaria (skin penetration through insect bite) e.g;
*Wuchereria bancrofti...........................Culex.
*Brugyia malayi…………………………..Mansonia.
*Loa loa………………………………….Chrysops.
*Onchocerca volvulus…………………Simulium.
*Mansonella ozzardi& M.perstans.....Culicoides.
6- Trichostrongylus ( ingestion of filariform larva
with raw vegetables).
7- Dracunculus
medinensis(ingestion of filariform larva within Cyclops).
• Loffler’s syndrome : “definition, causative parasites; C/P & diagnosis” ?
*definition: It is verminous pneumonitis caused by
migrating larvae of some helminths.
* causative parasites:
1-
Schistosomes.
2-
Ascaris.
3-
Hookworms ( Ancylostoma duodenale & Necator).
4-
Strongyloides.
* C/P: fever; cough; expectoration; haemoptysis &
eosinophilia.
* diagnosis:
1-
Chest X- ray: milliary opacities in the lung.
2-
Sputum examination : larvae &
Charcot – Leyden crystals.
3-
Blood examination :
eosinophilia.
• Parasites infecting man through meat consumption:
| Type of meat | Parasite name/disease | Infective stage |
| 1- Beef | Taenia saginata | Cysticercus bovis. |
| 2- Pork. | • Taenia solium •Trichinella spiralis •Toxoplasma | Cysticercus cellulosae. Encysted larva. Tissue cyst “containing trophozoites”. |
| 3- Fish. | • Heterophyes •Paragonimus •D. latum •Capillaria phleppinensis | Encysted metacercaria. Encysted metacercaria. Plerocercoid. Infective larva. |
| 4- Frog. | Spirometra mansoni→ sparganosis. adult. | Sparganum larva. |
| 5- Liver. | Halzoun | Viable Fasciola adult. |
• Mention sex modes
of infection by parasites with examples;
1- Ingestion : (Oral route)e.g;
·
Ascaris “ ingestion
of raw vegetables contaminated with embryonated egg”.
·
Oxyuris “ soiled
fingers”.
2- skin penetration : e.g;
·
Direct skin
penetration: as Schistosomes
“ through skin penetration with furcocercous cercaria”.
·
Through insect bite :
e.g; Filaria; Leishmania & Plasmodium.
3-
Blood transfusion :
e.g; Plasmodium & Babesia.
5- Congenital
“Transplacental “: e.g; Toxoplasma &
Trypanosomes.
6- Sexual : e.g;
Trichomonas vaginalis.
• Parasites that can be detected in blood film ?
І- Helminths :
1- Strongyloides filariform larva ( in disseminated hyperinfection in
immunosuppression).
2- Trichinella larva ( during migration stage).
3- Microfilaria of :
* Wuchereria bancrofti.
* Brugyia malayi.
* Loa loa .
* Mansonella persitans & ozzardi
ІІ- Protozoa :
1-
Plasmodium & Babesia.
2-
Trypanosoma gambiense & T. rhodesiense.
3-
Trypanosoma cruzi.
4-
Leishmania donovani & L. infantum.
5-
Toxoplasma .
• Parasites that may cause pruritus ani “Perianal itching”:
1- Entrobius (migrating
female worms & egg deposition at the
perianal skin).
2- Taenia saginata (passage of
gravid segment through the anus).
3- Ascaris (allergic reaction due to passage of adult worm through
the anus).
4- Strongyloides ( externally
autoinfective filariform larvae → larva currens).
• Parasites that may affect brain :
І- Helminths:
1- Schistosoma japonicum eggs.
2- Heterophyes eggs.
3- Cysticercus cellulosae (cysticercosis).
4- Hydatid cyst.
5- Sparganum of Spirometra
(sparganosis).
6- Coenurus cerebralis of Multiceps
(coenurosis).
7- Larvae of nematodes :
A-
Ascaris larva (visceral larva
migrans – like symptoms→meningism)
B-
Toxocara canis larva (visceral
larva migrans).
C-
Trichinella larva (migration
stage).
D-
Strongyloides filariform larva (
disseminated hyperinfection in immunosuppression).
8- Loa loa (heavy infection
after DEC therapy →meningoencephalitis).
ІІ- Protozoa:
1- Entamoeba histolytica (amoebic brain abscess).
2- Naegleria (PAM).
3- Acanthamoeba
(GAE).
4- Trypanosoma gambiense & T. rhodesiense (sleeping sickness).
5- Trypanosoma cruzi (meningoencephalitis).
6- Plasmodium falciparum (cerebral malaria).
7- Toxoplasma (encephalitis).
ІІІ- Arthropods:
*
Chrysomyia larvae (causing aural myiasis) may reach the brain.
• Parasites causing hyperpigmentation of
skin (3V):
1- Onchocerca volvulus (Sowda ).
2- Leishmania
donovani ( grayish discoloration of skin of face & hands →black fever).
3- Heavy
infestataion with Pediculus (Vagabond
disease).
• Parasites causing splenomegaly :
1- Schistosoma mansoni.
2- Toxocara canis (visceral larva migrans).
3- Wuchereria bancrofti & B.malayi (tropical pulmonary eosinophilia).
4- Plasmodium ovale; vivax
&falciparum (hyperactive
malarial splenomegaly).
5- Leishmania donovani & infantum.
6- Trypanosome cruzi.
■ Hyperinfection : definition; parasitic causes & mechanism ?
•
Hyperinfection : means massive
increase in the worm burden (i.e. parasite number) within the host as a result
of uncontrolled internal autoinfection.
• Parasitic
causes :
1- Strongyloides stercoralis (Opportunistic
parasite):
*Mechanism: in immunosuppressed
individuals; most of rhabditiform larvae develop into filariform (infective) larvae in the
lumen of the intestine → penetrate intestinal mucosa → migrate through the lung
→ ascend along bronchial tree → coughed ; swallowed & develop into adult
worms (repeated internal autoinfection → hyperinfection).
2-
Capillaria philippinensis (virulent
parasite):
*Mechanism: in immunocompetent
individuals; untreated infection will result in embryonation of eggs in the
intestinal lumen→ hatch → infective larvae penetrate intestinal mucosa→ develop
to adult worms (repeated internal autoinfection → hyperinfection).
• Man may act as a blind host
(dead-end) for some parasitic infections:
·
Blind
host: a host that can be infected but cannot
infect others.
·
Man
acts as a blind host in:
1-
All
tissue cestodes (Hydatid
disease; cysticercosis; sparganosis & coenurosis).
2-
Trichinella spiralis.
3-
Visceral & cutaneous larva migrans.
4-
Babesiosis (man –to –Tick infection does not occur
; but, man – to – man infection can occur by blood transfusion).
• Parasites
infecting man through skin penetration ?
A-
Cercaria: as Schistosomes.
B-
Sparganum larva:
as Spirometra mansoni & S. proliferum (when infected raw flesh of
frog or snake used as foments for skin wound).
C-
Filariform larva:
either through:
І- Direct skin
penetration: e.g;
1-
Hookworms
( Ancylostoma duodenale & Necator).
2-
Strongyloides.
3-
Ancylostoma
caninum ; A. braziliensis
& non-human Strongyloides (→
cutaneous larva migrans).
ІІ- Insect bite: e.g; all filaria ;
*Wuchereria
bancrofti...........................Culex.
*Brugyia
malayi…………………………..Mansonia.
*Loa
loa………………………………….Chrysops.
*Onchocerca
volvulus…………………Simulium.
*Mansonella
ozzardi& M.perstans.....Culicoides.
D-
Protozoa : (through arthropod
bite);
1- Leishmania ……………………..Sand
fly.
2- Trypanosoma
gambiense & T. rhodesiense…….Glossina.
3- Trypanosoma cruzi
……………. Triatoma.
4- Plasmodium
…………………….Female Anopheles.
5- Babesia…………………………..Hard
tick.
E- Arthropods: either:
1-
Larvae (maggots) of flies: e.g;
larvae of Hypoderma;
Dermatobia & Gastrophilus (Cutaneous myiasis).
2- Arthropod itself :
e.g;
і- Tunga
penetrans (chigger flea).
іі-
Sarcoptes scabiei (→ scabies).
ііі-
Demodex.
• Parasites that may affect Lung :
І- Helminths:
1- Paragonimus
(adult).
2- Heterophyes (ectopic
egg).
3- Schistosomes
(ectopic egg or migrating schistosomula).
4- Hydatid cyst.
5- Migrating larva of
nematodes: e.g;
* Nematodes causing Loffler’s
syndrome (Ascaris; Hookworms & Strongyloides).
* Trichinella spiralis.
6- W.bancrofti & B. malayi
(tropical pulmonary eosinophilia).
ІІ- Protozoa:
1- E. histolytica (extraintestinal amoebiasis).
2- Acanthamoeba (primary lesion).
3- Leishmania donovani & L. infantum.
4- Toxoplasma.
5- Plasmodium falciparum (Acute pulmonary oedema).
6- Cryptosporidium (in AIDS patients).
7- Pneumocystis.
ІІІ- Arthropods:
• Dermatophagoides (house dust mites) → bronchial asthma.
• Role of “flies” in transmission of parasitic diseases ?
І- Mechanical
transmission:(i.e. No
multiplication or developmental changes of parasite in the fly).
e.g; 1- Musca
: transmits H.nana; T.solium & Entrobius eggs.
2- Stomoxys :
transmits African Trypanosomes.
ІІ- Biological
transmission: (i.e. multiplication and/or developmental changes of
parasite in the fly).
e.g; 1- Flies
transmitting Filaria: (cyclodevelopmental transmission)
* Chrysops transmits Loa loa.
* Simulium transmits Onchocerca volvulus.
* Culicoides transmit Mansonella ozzardi & M.perstans.
2- Flies transmitting protozoa :
(cyclopropagative transmission)
* Sand fly transmits
Leishmania
* Glossina transmits
Trypanosoma gambiense & T. rhodesiense.
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